Gastric dilatation and volvulus (“bloat”) and preventive gastropexy
Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV or “bloat”) is a life-threatening condition most commonly seen in older, large-breed dogs, particularly those with deep chests. GDV occurs when the stomach twists, causing the entrapment of gas, fluid, and/or food. As the stomach continues to distend with gas, the increasing pressure in the stomach can lead to the development of shock, which can be fatal if not treated promptly.
Several risk factors for GDV have been identified, including breed, age, feeding frequency, rapid eating, temperament, food particle size, and stress or exercise immediately after eating. GDV is most commonly seen in large and giant-breed, deep-chested dogs such as Great Danes, Irish Wolfhounds and Standard Poodles, although it can affect dogs of any breed.
Symptoms of GDV
- Abdominal distention or bloating
- Unproductive vomiting or retching
- Restlessness or signs of nausea
Diagnosis
If GDV is suspected, a diagnosis can be confirmed with a radiograph (x-ray).
Treatment and Prevention
Surgery is required to resolve GDV. Once the stomach has been untwisted, the primary surgical treatment involves gastropexy, a procedure that attaches the stomach to the abdominal wall to prevent future twisting. Gastropexy can also be performed preventatively, and is highly effective, with less than 5% of dogs developing subsequent GDV. The preventive surgery can be combined with other intra-abdominal procedures, such as sterilization.
Gastropexy, whether done as a preventive measure or in the emergency setting, is a highly successful method for reducing the risk of GDV in at-risk dogs.